NAD+

NAD+

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) Peptide

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NA-D+) is an oxidized form of NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydroxide). NA-D+ is a component of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), which researchers have suggested to act in carrying electrons and thus energy within cells. The peptide has also been posited to potentially act as a mediator for various physiological processes, such as post-translational modification of the proteins and activation/deactivation of some enzymes. It is believed to be a critical component in maintaining cell-to-cell communication.

Specifications

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 663.43 g/mol

MOLECULAR FORMULA: C₂₁H₂₇N₇O₁₄P₂

SYNONYMS: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, Beta-NAD, NAD, Endopride

NA-D+ Research

NA-D+ and Cellular Aging
Mitochondria serve as a platform for primary metabolic functions such as intracellular signaling and regulation of innate immunity. These processes appear directly impacted by mitochondrial senescence and ultimately alter cellular metabolism, inflammation, and even stem cell activity. These altogether may reduce the pace of tissue repair following damage. This illustrates the extent to which mitochondria are involved in cellular age-related decline in tissue and organ function. Researchers consider that in the course of manipulating mitochondrial activity, they may potentially slow, cease, or even reverse the process of cellular aging.

A deficiency of NA-D+ in the cell appears to induce a pseudo-hypoxic state, which interrupts signaling within the nucleus.^[2] The scientists suggest that “raising NA-D+ levels in old mice restores mitochondrial function to that of a young mouse in a SIRT1-dependent manner.” The mechanism underlying this property appears to involve the activation of the SIRT 1 function, whereby a gene encodes an enzyme called Sirtuin-1 (NA-D+ dependent Deacetylase Sirtuin-1). Sirtuin-1 then may regulate the mediators involved in metabolism, inflammation, and the longevity of cells.

Sirtuins-1 is a member of a class of proteins called sirtuins, which are posited to require NA-D+ as a cofactor to carry out possible enzymatic activities. They are potentially involved in various cellular processes, including DNA repair, gene expression, and metabolic regulation. They have been linked to cellular longevity and lifespan.